Low-Content Ti3C2Tx MXene in a Graphite-Containing Bulk Moulding Compound: Contact Architecture and Loading-Dependent Electrical and Thermal Response
Surfaces and Interfaces, ss.1-46, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.surfin.2026.111049
- Dergi Adı: Surfaces and Interfaces
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), INSPEC
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1-46
- İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Low-content Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene was introduced into an industrial graphite-containing bulk moulding compound (BMC) to examine loading-dependent changes in contact architecture and functional response. Composites containing 0.238, 0.476, and 0.714 wt.% MXene were prepared by solvent-free mechanical mixing and compression moulding and examined using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, DSC, simultaneous TG–DTG–DTA, AC conductivity, impedance spectroscopy, comparative AC resistance, TEM, and SEM–EDS. Spectral changes were concentrated in termination-sensitive, oxygen-containing, carbonyl-related, and low-wavenumber regions, although overlap with the BMC constituents precluded unambiguous confirmation of complete Ti₃C₂Tₓ preservation, homogeneous dispersion, or a distinct interphase. XRD showed that the graphite- and calcite-dominated crystalline background was retained, while a broad Ti₃C₂Tₓ-related low-angle reflection near 6.1° was observed in MXene-containing formulations. At 120 °C and approximately 10² Hz, the effective AC conductivity increased from 0.18061 to 0.94400 S cm⁻¹, while the mean comparative AC resistance decreased from 189.37 to 163.03 mΩ. The Nyquist responses shifted to lower real impedance and remained inclined and non-semicircular, indicating reduced effective resistance and a distributed frequency-dependent impedance response. The characteristic second-heating DSC temperature increased from 330.00 to 345.25 °C, whereas TG-DTG analysis showed no monotonic improvement in degradation onset, principal peak temperature, or residual mass. SEM–EDS showed sparse localised Ti-containing regions at 0.24 wt.%, a broader local pattern at 0.48 wt.%, and stronger local enrichment at 0.71 wt.%; TEM showed loading-dependent differences in layered/lamellar morphology. Ti₃C₂Tₓ acted as a lowcontent secondary phase that modified the contact architecture, with no evidence of a continuous MXene-only network.